PAPER I: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Total Marks: 100
1-The Universe:-
Ø Solar system and Earth, Earth’s origin, shape and size, rotation and revolution; distribution of land and water, Geological time scale.
2- Lithosphere:-
Ø Composition and internal structure of Earth, rock’s origin, formation and types (Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic), Plate-tectonics, mountain building geomorphic processes internal and external, Earth quakes, Volcanic activity, weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition, cycle of erosion; landforms produced by surface water, ground-water, wind and glaciers.
3- Elements of Weather and Climate:-
Ø Insolation, global radiation and heat balance, atmospheric temperature, composition and structure of atmosphere, atmospheric pressure and winds, air masses and fronts (classification, distribution and associated weather), Cyclones, Tornadoes, thunderstorms and weather disturbances. Hydrological cycle, atmospheric moisture and precipitation, climatic classification; Koppen’s classification with special reference to following types: Af, Am, Bsh, Cfa, Dfc. Atmospheric pollution, global warming.
4- Hydrosphere:-
Ø Configuration of ocean floor, ocean-deposits, composition, temperature and salinity of ocean water. Movement of ocean water, waves, currents and tides.
5- Biosphere:-
Ø Origin and evolution of life on Earth (with special reference to Geological time-scale), formation and types of soils, Ecosystems and world’s major Biomes.
6- Study of Maps:-
Ø Topographical maps, aerial photographs and introduction to Remote-Sensing, weather maps of Pakistan, map projection general principles, classification of networks by simple graphic methods of following projections, Cylindrical, simple, equal area and MerCators (with table), Conical with one and two standard parallels and Bonne’s projection. Zenithal, Gnomic, Sterographic and orthographic (polar cases).
7- Scales: types and their use:-
8- Methods of representation of relief:-
Ø Drawing of composite contour maps with the help of given data and information preparation of distribution maps with the help of symbols, line-bar-shade dot and circle, simple quantitative techniques and there use in Geography, study of frequency distribution average’s (mean, mode and median), mean deviation, standard deviation and correlation, Index numbers and time series.
PAPER II: HUMAN, ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
Total Marks: 100
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Man and Habitat:-
Ø Concepts of Environmentalism and Possibilism, population growth, dynamics (fertility, mortality and migration), world society and culture, races, languages and religions, natural resources. World population, distribution, density and growth, population structure, population change (Natural increase and migration), Migration factors (pull and push), Types of migration settlements, types of settlements, urbanization, rural urban characteristics, urban hierarchy, Urban function and problem of urban places, the Central place theory.
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Introduction:-
Ø Definition, scope, approaches to study and relationship with disciplines.
Economic activities:-
Ø Classification and general distribution.
Production and consumption:-
Ø Producer and consumer, decision making; primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary.
Historical evolution of world’s Economic systems:-
Ø Medieval feudal economics, industrial revolution, economic benefits from colonialism, modern world systems.
Ø Various types of agriculture and their distribution, subsistence primitive, gathering, hunting, herding, cultivation intensive farming, gathering commercial grain farming, fishing, dairying, mixed farming and plantation farming.
Ø Agriculture conditions of agriculture, the physical constraints on agriculture.
Ø Land factor in agriculture, world’s agricultural systems, problems and policies in agriculture.
Ø The role of selected commodities e.g. wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton etc.
Forest resources:-
Ø World distribution; environmental and economic
Ø Mineral resources, distribution of important minerals, metalliferous minerals, the non-mtalliferous minerals, economic factors in mining.
Ø Power resources, form of power, solid fuels, oil and natural gas, non-exhaustible sources of enegy.
Manufacturing:-
Ø Light and heavy industries, locational factors and locational theories, locational analysis of selected industries, iron and steel, textile, (cotton, jute, woolen and synthetic), petro-chemical, world industrial regions.
Ø Trade and service function, tertiary activities, distribution of services service industries.
Transport and trade:-
Ø Significance and characteristics of transport systems, network, modes of transport, specialization and international trade.
Ø Multilateral and bilateral trade, free trade areas and common markets, balnce of trade, factors of trade, world pattern of trade.
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
Ø Scope, status, and the significance of regional approach and concept in Geography, SAARC countries with special reference to Pakistan, Environmental setting: physical and climatic. Natural and cultural resources: vegetation and agriculture, population, hydrology and irrigation, mineral and power resumes, industries (major industries e.g. iron and steel, textile, cement, chemical, sugar, trade and communication.
Book’s Suggestion:
For Physical geography:
Ø Physical Geography of Global Environment by de Blij &Peter O’ Muller.
Ø Modern Physical geography by Alan Strahler.
Ø Physical Geography by Sarfraz Bajwa.
For Human, Economic and Regional Geography:
Ø Human Geography: Culture, Society and Space by de Blij & Peter O’ Muller.
Ø A handbook of commercial Geography by Longman.
Ø Concepts and Regions in Geography by de Blij & Peter O’ Muller.
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